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Loader (2004). "Five new species of Nectophrynoides Noble 1926 (Amphibia Anura Bufanidae) from the Eastern Arc Mountains, Tanzania". The population hit a high in May 1999, dropped to decrease numbers in 2001 and 2002, hit a high once more in June 2003 (round 20,989 people), before steeply declining to some extent in January 2004 when only three people could possibly be seen and two males had been heard calling. The species' international range lined an area of less than two hectares around the Kihansi Falls, and no further populations have been located after looking for it round other waterfalls on the escarpment of the Udzungwa Mountains. Prior to its extirpation, the Kihansi spray toad was endemic only to a two-hectare (5-acre) space at the bottom of the Kihansi River waterfall in the Udzungwa escarpment of the Eastern Arc Mountains in Tanzania. The Kihansi spray toad (Nectophrynoides asperginis) is a small toad that was endemic to Tanzania. The sprinkler system that mimicked the pure water spray was not yet operational when the Kihansi Dam opened. Currently, an artificial gravity-fed sprinkler system is in place to imitate the unique conditions of the spray zones. This coincided with a breakdown of the sprinkler system throughout the dry season, the looks of the disease chytridiomycosis, and the brief opening of the Kihansi Dam to flush out sediments, which contained pesticides utilized in maize farming operations upstream.

The extinction within the wild of the Kihansi spray toad was mainly as a consequence of habitat loss following the development of Kihansi Dam in 1999, which diminished the amount of water coming down from the waterfall into the gorge by 90 p.c, vastly decreasing the quantity of the spray, particularly within the dry season, as well as altering vegetational composition. This led to the spray toad's microhabitat being compromised, as it reduced the quantity of water spray, which the toads had been reliant on. These spray systems functioned to imitate the positive water spray that had existed prior to the diversion of the Kihansi river, sustaining the microhabitat. The installation was initially successful in maintaining the spray-zone habitat, but after 18 months, marsh and stream-facet plants retreated and a weedy species overran the realm, changing the overall plant-species composition. The substrates had been extracted from the Kihansi gorge spray wetlands, and blended with captive toads with their surrogate species from the wild. The Kihansi Gorge is about four km (2.5 mi) lengthy with a north-south orientation. The program was initiated in 2001 by the Bronx Zoo when almost 500 Kihansi spray toads had been taken from their native gorge and positioned in six U.S.

In 2012, scientists from the center returned a check population of 48 toads to the Kihansi gorge, having discovered means to co-inhabit the toads with substrates presumed to contain chytrid fungus. In 2003 there was a remaining population crash within the species. Prior to extinction, there was a population of round 17,000 individuals and fluctuating naturally. Currently, there are an estimate of 6,200 Kihansi spray toads in captivity, a majority in the Bronx Zoo and Toledo Zoo. In 2017, a reintroduction program can be launched and presently just a few Kihansi spray toads will be efficiently reintroduced in Tanzania. Reintroduction commenced as a result of its substrate appeared to not harbor any infectious agents that might threaten the survival of the species. Researchers suggest that reintroduction of the species within the wild would possibly take time because it needs to adapt slowly to the wild habitat through which it needs to search for meals, evade predators, and overcome illness, in contrast to the managed surroundings they lived in throughout captivity.

In November 2005, the Toledo Zoo opened an exhibit for the Kihansi spray toad, and for some time this was the only place on the earth the place it was on display to the public. Additionally, males exhibit dark inguinal patches on their sides where their hind legs meet their abdomens. The Kihansi spray toad is a small, sexually dimorphic anuran, with females reaching up to 2.9 cm (1.1 in) lengthy and males up to 1.9 cm (0.75 in). Air conditioning and water filtration system malfunctions have additionally contributed to toad mortality. The next steps in environmental administration included ecological monitoring, mitigation, establishing rights of water authority and Tanesco to implement hydrological resources for conservation of the Kihansi spray toad and spray wetlands habitat. The Kihansi spray toad is presently categorized as extinct in the wild by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), although the species persists in ex situ, captive breeding populations.

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